The Greatest Composer Beethoven - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1210 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Topics: Ludwig van Beethoven Essay Did you like this example? â€Å"The instrumental music of the German composer Ludwig van Beethoven forms a peak in the development of tonal music and is one of the crucial evolutionary developments in the history of music as a whole. † ~ Unknown Mozart aside, Ludwig van Beethoven is the most famous classical composer of the western world. Beethoven is remembered for his powerful and stormy compositions, and for continuing to compose and conduct even after he began to go deaf at age 28. The ominous four-note beginning to his Fifth Symphony is one of the most famous moments in all of music. He wrote nine numbered symphonies in all. Beethoven never married. After his death his friends found letters to a lover he called Immortal Beloved, whose identity has never been discovered. The English phrase Immortal Beloved is a translation of the German, Unsterbliche Geliebte Beethovens precise date of birth is unknown; he was baptized on 17 December 1770, and it is presumed he was born on 16 December. H e studied first with his father, Johann, a singer and instrumentalist in the service of the Elector of Cologne at Bonn, but mainly with C. G. Neefe, court organist. At age 11 he was able to deputize for Neefe; at 12 he had some music published. In 1787 he went to Vienna, but quickly returned on hearing that his mother was dying. Five years later he went back to Vienna, where he settled. He pursued his studies, first with Haydn, but there was some clash of temperaments and Beethoven studied too with Schenk, Albrechtsberger and Salieri. Until 1794 he was supported by the Elector at Bonn: but he found patrons among the music-loving Viennese aristocracy and soon enjoyed success as a piano virtuoso, playing at private houses or palaces rather than in public. His public debut was in 1795; about the same time his first important publications appeared, three piano trios and three piano sonatas. As a pianist, it was reported, he had fire, brilliance and fantasy as well as depth of feel ing. It is naturally in the piano sonatas, writing for his own instrument, that he is at his most original in this period; the Pathetique belongs to 1799, the Moonlight to1801, and these represent only the most obvious innovations in style and emotional content. These years also saw the composition of his first three piano concertos, his first two symphonies and a set of six string quartets. In 1802 it was a year of crisis for Beethoven, with his realization that the impaired hearing he had noticed for some time was incurable and sure to worsen. That autumn, at a village outside Vienna, Heiligenstadt, he wrote a will-like document, addressed to his two brothers, describing his bitter unhappiness over his affliction in terms suggesting that he thought death was near. But he came through with his determination strengthened and entered a new creative phase, generally called his ‘middle period’. It is characterized by a heroic tone, evident in the ‘Eroicaâ€℠¢ Symphony in Symphony no. 5, where the sombre mood of the C minor first movement ultimately yields to a triumphant C major finale with piccolo, trombones and percussion added to the orchestra, and in his opera Fidelio. Here the heroic theme is made explicit by the story, in which a wife saves her imprisoned husband from murder at the hands of his oppressive political enemy. The three string quartets of this period are similarly heroic in scale: the first, lasting some 45 minutes, is conceived with great breadth, and it too embodies a sense of triumph as the intense F minor Adagio gives way to a jubilant finale in the major, embodying a Russian folk melody. Fidelio, unsuccessful at its premiere, was twice revised by Beethoven and his librettists and successful in its final version of 1814. Here there is more emphasis on the moral force of the story. It deals not only with freedom and justice, and heroism, but also with married love, and in the character of the heroine Leonore, Beethovens lofty, idealized image of womanhood is to be seen. He did not find it in real life: he fell in love several times, usually with aristocratic pupils, and each time was either rejected or saw that the woman did not match his ideals. In 1812, however, he wrote a passionate love-letter to an ‘Eternally Beloved’, but the letter was never sent. With his powerful and expansive middle-period works, which include the Pastoral Symphony, Symphonies nos. and 8, Piano Concertos nos. 4, and 5 and the Violin Concerto, as well as more chamber works and piano sonatas. Beethoven was firmly established as the greatest composer of his time. His piano-playing career had finished in 1808. That year he had considered leaving Vienna for a secure post in Germany, but three Viennese noblemen had banded together to provide him with a steady income and he remained there, although the plan foundered in the ensuing Napoleonic wars in which his patrons suffered and the value of Austrian m oney declined. The years after 1812 were relatively unproductive. He seems to have been seriously depressed, by his deafness and the resulting isolation, by the failure of his marital hopes and by anxieties over the custodianship of the son of his late brother, which involved him in legal actions. But he came out of these trials to write his profoundest music, which surely reflects something of what he had been through. There are seven piano sonatas in this, his ‘late period’, including the turbulent ‘Hammerklavier’ op. 106, with its dynamic writing and its harsh, rebarbative fugue, and op. 10, which also has fugues and much eccentric writing at the instruments extremes of compass; there is a great Mass and a Choral Symphony, no. 9 in D minor, where the extended variation-finale is a setting for soloists and chorus of Schillers Ode to Joy; and there is a group of string quartets, music on a new plane of spiritual depth, with their exalted ideas, abrupt c ontrasts and emotional intensity. The traditional four-movement scheme and conventional forms are discarded in favour of designs of six or seven movements, some fugal, some akin to variations, some song-like, some martial, one even like a chorale prelude. For Beethoven, the act of composition had always been a struggle, as the tortuous scrawls of his sketchbooks show; in these late works the sense of agonizing effort is a part of the music. Musical taste in Vienna had changed during the first decades of the 19th century; the public were chiefly interested in light Italian opera and easygoing chamber music and songs, to suit the prevalent bourgeois taste. Yet the Viennese were conscious of Beethovens greatness: they applauded the Choral Symphony, even though, understandably, they found it difficult, and though baffled by the late quartets they sensed their extraordinary visionary qualities. His reputation went far beyond Vienna: the late Mass was first heard in St Petersburg, a nd the initial commission that produced the Choral Symphony had come from the Philharmonic Society of London. When, early in 1827, he died, 10 000 are said to have attended the funeral. He had become a public figure, as no composer had done before. Unlike composers of the preceding generation, he had never been a purveyor of music to the nobility: he had lived into the age indeed helped create it of the artist as hero and the property of mankind at large. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Greatest Composer Beethoven" essay for you Create order

Employee Attitude - 2010 Words

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY An attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individuals degree of like or dislike for an item. Attitudes are generally positive or negative views of a person, place, thing, or event-- this is often referred to as the attitude object. People can also be conflicted or ambivalent toward an object, meaning that they simultaneously possess both positive and negative attitudes toward the item in question. Attitude: The importance of attitude in understanding psychological phenomenon was given formal recognition early in the history of social psychology. From the time of the concept’s entry in to the language of psychology until now, interest in attitude has been strong and growing.†¦show more content†¦2. Ego-Defensive: The ego-defensive functions of attitude acknowledge the importance of psychological thought. Attitude may be acquired by facing threats in the external world or becoming aware of his own unacceptable impulses. 3. Value Orientation: The value-orientation function takes in to account attitudes that are held because they express a person’s self-image, or bycues that engage the person’s values and make them salient to him. 4. Knowledge: The knowledge function of attitude is based on a person’s need to maintain a stable, organized and meaningful structure of the world. 5. Attitude that provides a standard against which a person evaluates the aspects of his world and serve as the knowledge function too. These functions of attitudes affect the individual’s way of interpreting the information coming to him. Since attitudes intervene between work requirements and work responses, information about how people feel about their jobs can be quite useful in the predication about work response. Thus, these types of attitudes can portray areas of investigation for making the individual and the organization more compatible. Factors in Attitude Formation: The attitudes are learned. Though there are different approaches as how learning works and is acquired by an individual, generally it is held that individuals learn things from the environment in which they interact. Thus, for attitude formation, all these factors must beShow MoreRelated Employee Attitudes Essay1970 Words   |  8 PagesEmployee Attitudes Introduction A happy worker makes for a good worker you say? Well, United Airlines had somewhat of an â€Å"all for one† employee attitude in July 1994. They announced the purchase of their own company for which they work for $5 billion through ESOP (Employee Stock Ownership Plan). So now, in the case of United Airlines, there obviously is a soar in employee productivity and spirits. Stocks have risen 120% due to this buyout (almost three times higher than the airline industryRead MoreProject on Employee Attitude5739 Words   |  23 Pagesare: * Customer actions: it includes steps, choices, activities and interactions that customer performs in the process of purchasing, consuming and evaluating the service * Onstage employee actions: steps and activities that the contact employees performs that are visible to the customer. * Backstage employee actions: steps and activities that occur behind the scene to support onstage activities. * Support processes: covers the internal servi ces, steps and interactions that take place toRead MoreEmployee Attitudes and Job Satisfaction2822 Words   |  12 Pageson: Employee Attitudes and Job Satisfaction Done by: T.K. Cà ©dric Wan Wing Kai(081461) Cohort: BSc (Hons) Human Resource Management 09 Part Time Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Employee Attitude†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 * Features of Attitudes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Attitudes, Opinions and Beliefs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Factors in Attitude formation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 Methods of Attitude change†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreEmployee Attitude and Satisfaction in a Prison1318 Words   |  5 PagesEmployee Attitude and Satisfaction in a Prison Name Course Professors Name Date of Submission Employee Attitude and Satisfaction in a Prison: As a new warden at a large prison in America, I have noticed that the prison is plagued with several physical quarrels and gang loyalties that are divided along racial lines. In addition, the prison staff has had several problems that are related to racial identity as evident in staff arrangement based on racial groups during a turnout before shift-changeRead MoreCase Analysis: Employee Attitudes710 Words   |  3 PagesOne of the main problems during a recession is employee attitudes. Excellent management skills are needed in trying economic times in order to boost employee morale and productivity. One of the methods used include Schwartz’s 10 values that guide a person’s behavior. Another method used is affective, cognitive, and behavioral components that influence behavior by increasing organizational commitment. Increasing employee involvement is also important to management. Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviorRead MoreA Study on Employee Attitude and Le adership Behaviour5259 Words   |  22 PagesABSTRACT The Research titled namely â€Å"A Study on Employee attitude Leadership Style† is a research study conducted among various managers in different functional areas in Sify Software Limited Everonn Education Limited. In this research study, the researcher has made an attempt to identify the various styles followed by leaders due to different behavior among employees. The study mainly focus on the various attitudes of employee’s in different groups and its impact of the performance if individualRead MoreEmployee Attitude as a Function of Job Satisfaction832 Words   |  4 PagesEMPLOYEE ATTITUDE AS A FUNCTION OF JOB SATISFACTION Introduction There is confusion and debate among practitioners on the topic of employee attitudes and job satisfaction even at a time when employees are increasingly important for organizational success and competitiveness. â€Å"Happy employees are productive employees.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Happy employees are not productive employees.† We hear these conflicting statements made by HR professionals and managers in organizations. This research aims at establishing jobRead MoreEmployee Attitudes Towards Pay By Marx Essay1725 Words   |  7 PagesSection One. Employee attitudes towards pay. The Great Philosopher Karl Marx (1884, p 1) said â€Å"wages are determined through the antagonistic struggle between the capitalist and worker. Victory goes necessarily to the capitalist. The capitalist can live longer without the worker than the worker without the capitalist†. The aforementioned philosophic statement by Marx opens for many issues to be debated between workers and employers, employment cadres and employment policies. From the statement oneRead MoreThe Effects Of Poor Management On Employee Attitude1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Poor Management on Employee Attitude The management team is the liaison between the overall strategic vision and the employees who perform the work. Companies depend on their managers to lead the business in a positive direction, while tending to the employees needs and concerns. A strong bond between these two groups allows the day-to-day tasks to be achieved, without the â€Å"noise† associated with workplace negativity. Management that is unable to lead their employees in a productiveRead MoreHow Employee Attitudes Affect Customer Satisfaction1877 Words   |  8 PagesHOW EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES AFFECT CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Out line 1- Sales satisfaction 1.1 Definition 1.2 Factors that affect job satisfaction. 1.2.1 Sales skills 1.2.2 performance satisfaction 1.2.3 Motivation. 2- Customer satisfaction 2.1 Definition. 2.2 The Effect of Salesforce Behavior on Customer Satisfaction. a. Salesperson and Customer before Purchase Interaction 3- Measurements 4- Implementation â€Æ' Introduction Customer satisfaction is the most important goal for any

Europe During The Medieval Period - 986 Words

During the medieval time period of 200 AD to 1650 AD, Europe experienced a fluctuation in population numbers. Factors such as disease, famine, war, and others all contribute to the changes in population. A trend to help represent the medieval demography show a population decline during the Late Antiquity, slow population growth during the Early Middle Ages, large population expansion during the High Middle Ages, and a variation of population decline and growth during the Late Middle Ages. The Late Antiquity reflects the decline of the Roman Empire. From 150 AD to 400 AD the population of the Roman Empire went from 70 million people to 50 million people. The empire’s decline began with the Antonine Plague, lasting from 165 AD to 180 AD. The Antonine Plague, suspected to be either smallpox or measles, was brought back to the Roman Empire through returning soldiers from the east. A devastating 2,000 deaths daily lead to the total estimated 5 million deaths. Succeeding the Antonin e Plague was the Crisis of the Third Century: 235 AD to 284 AD. The Roman Empire almost came to an end from outside invasions, internal civil wars, economic depression, and new diseases. The Plague of Cyprian, 250 AD to 271 AD, like the Antonine Plague was also suspected to be smallpox. The plague took its toll on the population, killing 5,000 people daily. The increase in deaths inhibited the number of workers in agriculture and the Roman Empire. In 535 AD to 536 AD, the empire then faced extremeShow MoreRelatedHow Truth Was Defined By Medieval Europeans1696 Words   |  7 PagesEric Green Urban British Literature 1st 3 December 2015 How Truth Was Defined By Medieval Europeans In life majority of people believe telling the truth is the correct way of living. Truth has endured the world throughout time and is seemingly unanswerable to those who do not understand it because this subject appears in every culture. Truth goes along with universal questions such as what is beauty, justice, and power. And love but none have a direct answer because they are all dependent onRead MoreA World Lit Only By Fire1083 Words   |  5 Pagesbook A World Lit Only by Fire, the author, William Manchester, describes the period of time between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the start of the Renaissance known as the medieval period, or Middle Ages. The church had the most power in Europe and people struggled with surviving events such as epidemics. Consequently people had very short lives that may have not served them well. Every person in Europe during this time would eventually hear, â€Å"Bring out your dead!† as the gravediggers’Read MoreMedieval P eriod in European History1575 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The medieval period in European history begins after the fall of the Roman Empire around 500 C.E., and continued until the early modern period beginning around 1500. The medieval period is split into the sub-categories of early medieval (500-1000), central middle ages (1000-1300), late medieval (1300-1500), and followed by the early modern period (1500-1800). At each of these periods of time important political, economic, social, cultural, religious and scientific changes were beingRead MoreArt : Comparing Medieval Art to Renaissance Art1248 Words   |  5 PagesDecember 19, 2012 Comparing Medieval Art to Renaissance Art Medieval art period Medieval art covers a large scope of time. The period covered over 1000 years of art in Europe, Middle East and North Africa. The period was characterized by major art movements based on national art and regional art. There was also the aspect of revivals and artists crafts. Art historians have been successful in classifying medieval art into major periods and styles. This is often characterizedRead MoreEmotion And Devotion : The Meaning Of Mary Medieval Religious Cultures Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesthe major arguments that Miri Rubin presents in her book Emotion and Devotion: The Meaning of Mary in Medieval Religious Cultures. Rubin’s book is divided into three chapters which are: The Global â€Å"Middle Ages;† Mary, and Others; and Emotions and Selves. In each of these chapters, Rubin explores a particular topic that she thinks is important when trying to understand the figure of Mary in medieval religious cultures. I will begin this paper by drawing out th e main arguments that are offered in eachRead MoreThe Role Of Monastic And The Problem Of Christian Conversions For Pagan Societies1286 Words   |  6 Pagespagan societies in Europe during the early Medieval period of Europe. The purpose of European monasteries was to act in accordance with the Church of Rome’s policy to preserve Roman traditions in government and Christian practices in primarily pagan tribal communities. During this time, the primary writings of St. Benedict define the purpose of the monastery to spread Christianity as a source of religious power throughout Europe. More so, the role of monastic culture in Europe society defines theRead MoreSimilarities Between Medieval Japan And Medieval Europe812 Words   |  4 PagesComparison Essay- Shogunate Japan and Medieval Europe When people think of â€Å"Medieval†, they often relate this to Europe. However, there was once a Medieval Japan too, and this time stretched from 1185-1868 CE. During this period, Shoguns ruled Japan, and they defined it as â€Å"Medieval† because, just like Europe society in Japan at this time was feudal in structure. Medieval Europe lasted from the 5th to the 15th century, and was often referred to as Christendom, because most civilians were ChristiansRead MoreCity, Church, And The Empire1627 Words   |  7 PagesEmpire Many often depict medieval Europe as times of kings, knights, and epic battles that end in great bloodshed and loss. While these things are true, the medieval Europe was much more than that. It was a time of controversy, strong and terrible leaders in politics as well as the church, and many changes in population and how the Europeans structured their societies. Writers and historians throughout this time period produced many works that told of the events in medieval Europe. A few overarching themesRead MoreArt in the Middle Ages and The Renaissance and Its Effect in Society1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe Medieval period also referred to as the Middle Ages was the period of time between the demise of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance era; this was the period from the 5th century to the 17th century in Europe. During this time, society conformed to the feudal system which was based on the hierarchy approach which upper class had control over the lower class. Included in this clas s structure were kings, lords, neighboring kings, peasants and church leaders. In the Middle Ages, art evolvesRead MoreEssay on The Black Death1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Death was an extensive epidemic that spread across Europe from 1346 to 1353, killing over an estimated one-third of Europe’s entire population (Medieval World 56). Although historians are not entirely sure of its origin, the Black Death spread quickly across both Europe and Asia with a death toll that augmented rapidly. The plague also had unusual and deadly symptoms, causing â€Å"panic everywhere, with men and women knowing no way to stop death except to flee from it† (Kohn 28). The chaos

Maria Mitchell Essay Thesis Example For Students

Maria Mitchell Essay Thesis Maria Mitchell MARIA MITCHELL The person that I chose for the Women?s History Month report is Maria Mitchell, who was a self- taught astronomer. She discovered Comet Mitchell and made amazing achievements throughout her life.Maria Mitchell was born on August 1, 1818 on the Massachusetts island of Nantucket to William and Lydia Mitchell. When Maria Mitchell was growing up in the Quaker community, few girls were allowed to study astronomy and higher mathematics. Even though the Mitchells werent rich Marias father, a devoted amateur( most astronomers of that time were amateurs) astronomer, introduced her to mathematics and the night sky. He also encouraged her toward teaching and passed on a sense of God as in the natural world. By the time Maria was sixteen, she was a teacher of mathematics at Cyrus Pierces school for young ladies where she used to be a student. Following that she opened a grammar school of her own. And only a year after that, at the age of eighteen she was offered a j ob as a librarian at Nantuckets Atheneum during the day when it opened to the public in the fall of 1836. At the Atheneum she taught herself astronomy by reading books on mathematics and science. At night she regularly studied the sky through her fathers telesscope.For her college education even Harvard couldnt have given her a better education than she received at home and at that time astronomy in America was very behind as of today. She kept studying at the Atheneum, discussed astronomy with scientists who visited Nantucket (including William C. Bond), and kept studying the sky through her fathers lent telescope. In the mid-nineteenth century, new developments in astronomy were expanding the field at an fast and exciting rate. The Mitchell?s were aware that the King of Denmark awarded a gold metal to anyone who discovered a telescopic comet. No one in America had won that award yet. On the night of October 1, 1847 Maria Mitchell discovered a comet just above the North Star. But by the time her letter of discovery reached William Bond (director of the Harvard Observatory) Father de Vico at the Vatican Observatory in Rome had already announced his discovery of the same comet on October 3. Professor Bond began a campaign to get Maria her rightful award. On October 6, 1848, a year and five days later the King of Denmark decided to award the prize to Maria. At the age of thirty, she won an international honor. She became the first American, as well as the first woman to win the medal. In 1848, she was the first woman to be admitted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Now that she was a celebrity many people came ..to see her, famous artists came from New York to paint her portrait, and people recognized her achievements. Maria?s status as a respected astronomer also gave her new opportunities for employment. In 1865 Mitchell was appointed professor of astronomy at the newly opened Vassar College (one of the first colleges for women) in Poughkeepsie, New York, and director of the observatory there. In 1873 she helped found the Association for the Advancement of Women. Later she was also a pioneer in the daily photography of sunspots and was the first to discover that they were not clouds but whirling vortices of gas on the sun?s surface. She also studied solar eclipses, double stars, nebulas, and the satellites of Saturn and Jupiter. Maria Mitchell died on June 28, 1889 in Lynn, Massachusetts. Even when she was sick before her death she kept her sense of humor. .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0 , .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0 .postImageUrl , .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0 , .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0:hover , .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0:visited , .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0:active { border:0!important; } .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0:active , .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0 .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c521a28919665e4b92e0f1b693469c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: DRUG ABUSE EssayThroughout her long life, Maria was continually uplifted spiritually by her study of the heavens. That she never failed to recognize the close connection between her work and her faith in God is evident in her famous words: Every formula which expresses the law of nature is a hymn of praise to God. From the time she burst into the national consciousness as the discoverer of Comet Mitchell, she had been a model of what a woman, given the chance, could accomplish in science. Those who claimed that a woman?s brain would collapse under the strain of studying mathematics and science had been proved wrong by the very existence of Maria Mitchell. She resolved to g ive up the life of an independent scientist and devote her efforts to the intellectual culture of woman. She struggled to promote the cause of womens education. Her patience and self-control offers encouragement to young women considering astronomy as a career. Maria Mitchell was given many awards and honors during her lifetime other than being the first woman admitted to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She was also the first woman admitted to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and to the American Philosophical Society (founded by her distant relative Benjamin Franklin. She received honorary degrees, including one from Columbia College. A crater on the moon was named after her. After her death, Maria was given still more honors. A tablet inscribed with her name was put in the New York University Hall of Fame and her name was carved on a frieze over the front of the Boston Public Library. In 1905 she was one of the first women elected to the Hall of Fame. In 1994, she was admitted into the National Womens Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York. An observatory was also erected in her honor on Nantucket Island. But even had she known of these later honors, her greatest satisfaction would still have been the effect she had on the lives of her students.